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Why Debt, Despite All Its Contradictions, Is One of the Most Beautiful Ideas in Finance

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2 months ago

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By Arash Jalali | Venture Builder | Revona

Most people hear the word “debt” and think of stress, bankruptcy and sleepless nights. It is the villain of personal-finance books and the scapegoat of every economic crisis. But after years of building ventures and, at Revona, structuring financing for developers and corporates every day, I have come to see debt very differently.

Debt is not merely a burden to be minimised. It is one of the most elegant, powerful and, yes, contradictory ideas humanity has ever invented.

That distinction matters especially now. Higher rates have made the cost of debt more visible, while a wall of maturities is turning yesterday’s cheap money into tomorrow’s refinancing decision. The response should not be to romanticise leverage. It should be to become more exacting about the work debt is asked to do.

Debt Is Older Than Money Itself

Long before coins and banknotes, communities ran on credit: promises recorded on clay tablets and in shared memory. Debt is, at its core, a technology for moving value through time. It lets tomorrow’s income fund today’s ambition. When a developer borrows to build a tower, or a founder raises venture debt to extend runway, they are pulling the future forward. That is not recklessness; it is one mechanism through which economies compound.

But the debt debate often starts in the wrong place. There is no magic ratio at which prudent borrowing becomes recklessness. A debt ratio is a snapshot; the real story is what the money is financing, whether cash flow can carry it and whether the borrower has time to adapt when conditions change. That is why the quality of the investment, the maturity profile and the resilience of the balance sheet matter more than the headline number alone.

In the architecture of the modern economy, debt does something even more subtle. It reduces the cost of financial oversight, helps create money through the banking system and smooths the path of economic growth. Every mortgage, every credit facility and every bond issue is a small act of coordinated trust between strangers. Trust, priced and packaged, is what capital markets actually trade.

The Debt That Never Dies

The numbers tell a more precise story than the usual rhetoric. Global debt reached a record nearly $353 trillion by the end of March 2026, according to the Institute of International Finance. That figure covers public, corporate and household debt. At the same time, the global debt-to-GDP ratio stood at about 305%, broadly stable since 2023. A record stock of debt, in other words, does not by itself tell us whether borrowers can carry it; the relationship between liabilities, income, assets and refinancing capacity does.

Nor should a stable global aggregate be mistaken for an all-clear. The IIF reported that debt in mature markets edged lower in the first quarter, while debt in emerging markets excluding China rose to a record $36.8 trillion. Debt is never one homogeneous thing. Its burden depends on who owes it, in what currency, at what rate, for how long, and against which cash flows.

The immediate market test is refinancing. The OECD expects governments and companies to borrow $29 trillion from bond markets in 2026 — 17% more than in 2024 and roughly double the amount ten years ago. Much of that activity is not fresh expansion; it is the constant work of renewing obligations. The OECD estimates that 78% of OECD government borrowing in 2026 will refinance existing debt. That is why the calendar can matter as much as the headline debt total.

The U.S. Lesson: Borrowing Can Stabilise Growth

The United States makes the point in unusually stark terms. The Office of Management and Budget’s fiscal-year-end measure of federal debt held by the public — the debt outside federal government accounts — rose from 25.2% of GDP in FY1981 to 99.5% in FY2025.

That is a profound change, but it was not a straight line and it cannot be explained by one White House. The ratio fell from 46.8% in FY1992 to 33.7% in FY2000, then rose through the financial crisis and jumped during the pandemic. The chart shows presidential terms as chronology, not as a scorecard: a fiscal year spans two calendar years, and debt reflects Congress, inherited commitments, recessions, interest costs and emergencies as well as executive choices.

Figure 1. U.S. federal debt held by the public as a share of fiscal-year GDP. Source: Office of Management and Budget, Historical Tables, Table 7.1 (FY2027 release). Debt is measured at fiscal-year end. Administration bands identify the president in office on that date; they do not attribute causation.

The more useful lesson is not that a larger debt stock automatically produces prosperity. It is that, when private demand collapses, borrowing can prevent a deeper contraction. The Congressional Budget Office estimated that the major pandemic laws enacted in 2020 increased real GDP by 4.7% in 2020 and 3.1% in 2021, relative to an implied no-legislation baseline.

That is a concrete example of debt financing acting as a bridge: preserving household income, business liquidity and state and local services at a moment when the alternative was a sharper fall in economic activity.

But bridges must lead somewhere. CBO also projected that the additional debt would raise borrowing costs and reduce output and national income over the longer term. The point is not to celebrate the size of the U.S. debt pile. It is to recognise that borrowing can be a positive driver of growth when it is targeted at a productive investment or a defined emergency — and that its value erodes when cash flows, repayment capacity and the economic return are treated as afterthoughts.

The Beautiful Contradiction

Debt is a paradox, and that is precisely what makes it beautiful. It is simultaneously:

Debt as…For whom
An assetThe lender, bondholder or pension fund earning a contractual return.
A liabilityThe borrower who must service and ultimately repay it.
An engine of growthThe developer, founder or economy that applies it to a productive opportunity.
A source of crisisAnyone who mistakes leverage for a substitute for fundamentals.


The same instrument that funds a hospital can sink a household. The same leverage that lets a developer sell units before completion can, if mispriced, freeze an entire market. Debt does not care about intentions; it amplifies what is already there. Good projects can become great. Weak projects can fail faster. That amplification is the whole point.

The Revona Angle: Debt as Craft, Not Gamble

This is exactly where Revona operates, and why I find this space so compelling as a builder. If debt is a powerful but indifferent amplifier, the real value lies not in whether a client borrows, but in how the debt is engineered: the rate, the loan-to-value, the tenor, the covenants and the match between an asset’s cash flows and the facility that finances it.

Those are not cosmetic details. A lower headline rate can be a poor bargain if it comes with a refinancing date that arrives before the asset can reliably generate cash. A high loan-to-value ratio may look efficient until a change in valuations removes the borrower’s room for error. A fixed rate can buy time, but it does not eliminate the economics of refinancing.

That final distinction is becoming more important. The Federal Reserve reported in 2025 that long-term, fixed-rate liabilities had softened the initial pass-through of higher rates for large public companies. Yet about 15% of investment-grade bonds and 27% of high-yield bonds were due to mature within one to three years. The protection was real; it was also time-limited.

The OECD has similarly warned that, as higher long-term rates lead borrowers to issue at shorter maturities, near-term interest costs may fall while near-term refinancing risk rises.

At Revona, we treat financing as a craft. We map a client’s full balance sheet, identify untapped equity and structural inefficiencies, and match their profile against the lending criteria of more than sixty banks and institutions to find the optimal structure, not simply the fastest “yes.”

For developers, well-structured off-plan financing can mean buyers are pre-approved during construction, sales accelerate and project cash flow improves. Debt, structured properly, stops being merely a cost of doing business and becomes a competitive advantage.

The failures we associate with debt — the crashes, defaults and horror stories — are more often failures of structure and underwriting than evidence that debt is inherently flawed. They arise when there is too much leverage against too little cash flow; when short-term money funds long-term assets; when currency, revenue and debt-service obligations do not match; or when no one has stress-tested the downside.

The instrument gets blamed for the craftsmanship.

The Takeaway

Debt is usually framed as financial pressure and bankruptcy risk, but its role in the modern economy runs far deeper. It is a centuries-old technology for turning trust into growth, a nearly $353 trillion river of contractual claims, and a mirror that reflects the discipline — or indiscipline — of whoever wields it.

The world’s most sophisticated companies and governments do not avoid debt. They engineer it. As builders and investors, that should be our posture too: respect the contradiction, master the structure and let leverage do what it was invented to do — move the future forward.

AJ is a venture builder. Revona is a financing partner and portfolio manager providing institutional-grade credit and debt financing solutions for developers and corporates.

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Connecting Industries and Trade: Malakut Business Forum 2026 Brings Together 750+ Delegates and 300+ Companies

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11 hours ago

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November 10, 2026

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The Malakut Business Forum 2026 is set to bring more than 750 delegates and over 300 companies together at Sky Bubble, Meydan Hotel, Dubai, on 25 November 2026, with C-suite executives and directors accounting for 60 per cent of attendees.

The one-day forum will convene senior leaders from banking, trade, insurance, logistics and industry across five streams: Finance, Risk, Artificial Intelligence, Logistics and Technology.

The 2026 edition builds on the success of the inaugural forum with even greater scale and a more focused agenda. Organisers are lining up more than 25 industry speakers and over 20 partners, with a projected digital reach of 200,000+ online users, providing even more opportunities for partners to connect, engage and be seen. The key topics to be explored during this edition include business resilience, geopolitical challenges, innovation and the future of global trade.

“Business leaders are making critical decisions under pressure, across borders and with less certainty than ever. The Malakut Business Forum was created to bring the right people into the same room, so decisions are better informed and conversations turn into real opportunities. Our 2026 edition is bigger, bolder and built for impact, and we are proud to host it in Dubai, a global crossroads of trade,” said Alex Dolgopolov, CEO of Malakut, the Founding Partner of Malakut Business Forum 2026

The programme is built around real cases and candid discussion. Finance sessions will examine how companies protect liquidity under pressure and turn high-risk projects into bankable ones. The Risk stream will address securing political violence and war risk cover during active conflict, and what businesses can do when the insurance market will not take the risk. Artificial Intelligence sessions will look at AI savings that reached the P&L, the move from copilots to agents and what leaders refuse to automate. Logistics will tackle rerouting during conflicts and the question of who pays for resilience, while Technology will cover scaling across fragmented markets and modernising core systems without disrupting daily operations.

Beyond the main stage, delegates can expect a networking reception, a partner showcase, a live podcast studio, VIP hospitality and an evening cocktail and dinner experience. Private Skyboxes overlooking the Meydan race track will offer partners an exclusive setting for high-value meetings with clients, prospects and partners.

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Stablecoins Can Move Money Faster. Can They Make Cross-Border Payments More Reliable?

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1 day ago

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November 9, 2026

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Imagine a business that pays an overseas supplier in stablecoins. The transfer is confirmed within minutes, but the supplier cannot access the funds in the currency needed to fulfil the order. A bank review holds up the conversion, the delivery date approaches, and neither party knows how long the delay will last.
The payment has worked as a blockchain transaction. As a business transaction, however, it has fallen short.

Jack Tang, Co-founder & CEO


This distinction matters as stablecoins gain attention as a more efficient way to move money internationally. They offer genuine advantages, including faster settlement and the potential to reduce transfer costs. But businesses do not adopt payment methods simply because the technology works. They need to know that money will arrive when expected, that recipients can use it, and that problems can be resolved without leaving both parties in limbo.


For stablecoins to become a practical part of global commerce, the industry must address the parts of a payment journey that technology alone cannot fix.

The Real Cost Is More Than the Transfer Fee


Sending money across borders remains expensive, despite years of investment in digital payments. World Bank data puts the global average cost of remittances at approximately 6.36% per US$100, down from 8.89% in 2010. Progress has been uneven, with established corridors such as the UAE–India and US–Mexico benefiting from more developed financial networks, while some routes serving Africa, Latin America and Southeast Asia continue to face higher costs.


The UAE illustrates why this matters. With expatriates accounting for around 88% of its population, the country is a major centre for international remittances, particularly to South Asia. Improvements in payment infrastructure have implications not only for individuals sending money home but also for companies paying suppliers, contractors and employees abroad.


Stablecoins could help reduce some of the friction involved. Yet headline transaction volumes can obscure how much progress has actually been made in everyday payments. The $8.82 trillion in stablecoin transaction volume cited for the first half of 2026 includes activity that is not necessarily linked to purchasing goods, paying suppliers or settling commercial invoices. Estimates of real-world stablecoin payment activity, at approximately $390 billion, offer a different perspective on adoption.


The distinction is important. Moving a digital asset between wallets is not the same as completing a payment that meets a business’s commercial needs. The latter requires the entire process, from funding and settlement to conversion, reconciliation and confirmation, to work reliably.


Businesses Need Someone to Turn to When Payments Fail


Conventional payment systems have plenty of shortcomings, but businesses generally operate within established arrangements for investigating failed transfers, handling refunds and determining who is responsible for a loss. Stablecoin payments introduce a different set of participants and processes, and responsibility can become less clear when something goes wrong.


A cross-border transaction might involve a stablecoin issuer, a payment provider, an exchange and one or more banks. Each may have its own compliance obligations, operating procedures and timelines. A transaction can settle on-chain while remaining inaccessible to its intended recipient because a bank review, liquidity issue or other operational problem interrupts the next stage.


For a business, the consequences are tangible. A supplier may delay an order, a shipment may miss its window, or a contractual payment deadline may be breached. The savings achieved through faster settlement can quickly lose their value if the business cannot predict when the recipient will actually receive usable funds.


This is why dispute handling, refunds, transaction restrictions and clear escalation procedures need to be considered from the outset. A system designed for commercial use cannot rely on the assumption that every transaction will proceed as intended.


There is room for infrastructure that brings together blockchain-based payments and familiar financial risk controls. Such systems could help coordinate transaction monitoring, counterparty checks and the handling of disputed or interrupted payments.

The objective is not to recreate every layer of traditional banking, but to give businesses a clear process and an accountable party when a payment requires intervention.


International Payments Need International Coordination


The same issue arises at the regulatory level. A business making payments across several markets should not have to navigate a completely different set of operational expectations at every border.


Europe’s Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA), the US GENIUS Act, and frameworks developed by the UAE’s Virtual Assets Regulatory Authority (VARA) and Central Bank of the UAE (CBUAE) represent important efforts to establish rules for digital assets. However, they differ in their treatment of issuers, reserves, disclosures and permitted activities. Approval in one jurisdiction does not automatically establish acceptance in another.


Information-sharing requirements create another challenge. Where Travel Rule protocols are implemented differently, payment providers may struggle to exchange information about transaction participants consistently. This can introduce friction even when the underlying transfer is technically straightforward.
The answer is not necessarily a single global rulebook.

Countries have different legal systems and regulatory priorities. What the industry needs is greater compatibility between those systems: clearer expectations for cross-border transactions, more consistent information-sharing arrangements and practical ways for compliant providers to operate across jurisdictions.


For businesses, regulatory predictability is part of payment reliability. Companies need to understand the conditions under which funds can be transferred, held or released before committing to a payment method.


The Banking Relationship Still Matters


Stablecoins may change how value moves, but they do not eliminate the need to connect digital assets with conventional money. Businesses still need access to fiat currencies, dependable liquidity and banking services that support their operations.
That connection remains a weakness in parts of the market.

Liquidity can be spread across different issuers and blockchain networks, while some banks have chosen to reduce their exposure to digital asset companies rather than develop services for them.


The broader lesson is that blockchain infrastructure cannot operate in isolation. Its commercial usefulness depends partly on the strength of the institutions and services that connect it to the wider financial system.


Reliability Is What Will Make the Difference


None of this means that compliance controls should be weakened. Stablecoin issuers and payment providers must be able to respond to sanctions requirements, suspicious activity and other legitimate reasons to restrict transactions. But businesses also need transparency about why a payment has been held, what steps are required to resolve the issue and who is responsible for communicating the outcome.


Smart contracts can automate agreed payment conditions, but they cannot independently settle every legal dispute or reconcile conflicting requirements across jurisdictions. Those responsibilities must be addressed through contracts, institutions and operating procedures designed around the realities of cross-border commerce.


The next stage of stablecoin adoption will depend on how well the industry deals with these less visible parts of the payment experience. Better settlement technology is valuable, but it must be matched by dependable banking access, compatible regulatory arrangements and clear responsibility when transactions do not go to plan.


For businesses, the question is not simply whether stablecoins can move money faster. It is whether they can make international payments more predictable, easier to manage and less costly in practice.


That is the standard the industry must meet if stablecoins are to become more than an alternative way to transfer digital value.

(Author Info: Jack Tang is an accomplished fintech entrepreneur, at the intersection of payments infrastructure and digital assets. As Co-founder & CEO of London-based BoomFi, Jack leads the platform’s work in crypto payment infrastructure. He has over ten years of experience in entrepreneurship, building and scaling businesses across consumer and enterprise markets.)
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Pay10 Announces Strategic Partnerships at Dubai FinTech Summit 2026, Advancing the UAE’s Digital Payments Ecosystem 

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1 week ago

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November 3, 2026

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Pay10, a UAE-regulated financial technology company, today announced a series of strategic partnerships, commercial agreements and Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) at Dubai FinTech Summit 2026. The announcements mark a step towards expanding digital payment choices and supporting the UAE’s transition towards real-time, interoperable and account-based payments, in alignment with the Central Bank of the UAE’s Financial Infrastructure Transformation (FIT) Programme. 

Pay10’s partnerships with leading brands, including GEMS, Jumbo Electronics, Bikanervala, Allday, Just Gold and Save In Gold, span education, retail, food and beverage and specialised commerce. With live deployments already in place at GEMS, Bikanervala, Allday and Just Gold, Pay10 is extending its payment ecosystem across everyday consumer and business transactions. 

Building a Connected Payments Ecosystem 

Pay10 brings together instant payments, Open Finance, digital accounts, domestic card infrastructure and merchant payment acceptance through an integrated platform. 

Directly integrated with Aani, Pay10 enables instant payments and supports account-based payment experiences. Its Open Finance capabilities allow consumers to securely connect supported bank accounts, access consolidated financial information and monitor spending through one application. Its Jaywan issuance capabilities also enable eligible wallet customers to access domestic card payments across POS terminals, ATMs and e-commerce channels. 

For merchants, the platform offers multiple payment acceptance options, including Pay by Pay10, Pay by Bank, card acceptance, interoperable QR payments, payment links and digital payouts. Its proprietary POS application, QR and soundbox solutions are supported by an in-house Terminal Management System. 

Through supported account-based payment methods, merchants can access funds in real time, helping improve cash flow and reduce payment acceptance costs, with potential savings of up to 70% in applicable use cases. Pay10 also reports transaction success rates of over 90% across its integrated technology infrastructure. 

Strategic Partnerships and Collaborations 

The partnerships with GEMS and Jumbo Electronics aim to expand digital payment choices and improve collection efficiency across education and consumer retail. Existing deployments with GEMS, Bikanervala, Allday and Just Gold demonstrate the application of Pay10’s payment solutions across different commercial environments. 

Allday, a leading convenience chain in the region, presents an opportunity to explore the impact of digital payment solutions across high-frequency, small-value transactions. 

Pay10 also announced several MoUs to explore emerging financial use cases. Its partnership with Yalla Financial Solutions, part of Fintra Holding, will explore bank-account-based wallet funding through Open Finance. 

Additionally, our collaboration with TotalPay will enable TotalPay to access Pay10’s merchant payment acceptance capabilities through its technology platform and integrations. The partnership aims to expand merchant payment choices and simplify the adoption of emerging payment solutions. 

Dr. Waleed Sadek, Founder & CEO of Yalla Financial Solutions, said: “We are pleased to explore this strategic collaboration with Pay10, reflecting our shared vision of building a more connected and accessible financial ecosystem. Through Open Finance and account-based wallet funding, we aim to unlock new opportunities for seamless digital payments and enhance the financial experience for businesses and consumers across the region.” 

Supporting the UAE’s Financial Infrastructure 

Pay10’s strategy aligns with the Central Bank of the UAE’s FIT Programme through the adoption of domestic payment infrastructure, including Aani, Jaywan and Open Finance. By investing in direct infrastructure connectivity and proprietary technology, the company aims to support greater interoperability, financial inclusion and more efficient payment experiences. 

Harry Gill, Founder & Chairman, Pay10, said: “The UAE has laid the foundations for the future of finance, and our goal is to make it accessible to everyone. Pay10 is building a UAE-based alternative payment ecosystem that brings together domestic payment infrastructure, Open Finance, accounts, cards and merchant solutions. Our partnerships with GEMS, Jumbo Electronics, Bikanervala, Allday and Just Gold reflect growing confidence in this vision. We remain committed to advancing the UAE’s financial ambitions through a connected, interoperable ecosystem built to scale globally.” 

Our collaboration with TotalPay will enable it to access Pay10’s payment acceptance capabilities for merchants through TotalPay’s technology platform and integrations. The partnership aims to expand merchant payment choices and simplify the adoption of emerging payment solutions. 

With further agreements, product launches and integrations in development, Pay10 aims to expand its consumer and merchant capabilities across the UAE and international markets. 

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